Rice-Straw Incorporation with a Cellulolytic Bacillus Inoculant versus Straw Burning: Nitrogen and Potassium Supply to the Following Wheat Crop
Abstract
Burning is the quickest way to clear rice straw before wheat, but it wastes nutrients and pollutes the air. Incorporating the straw keeps those nutrients on the field, yet its slow breakdown can lock up soil nitrogen (N) when young wheat needs it. We tested whether a cellulolytic Bacillus inoculant makes incorporation a better N and potassium (K) source than burning. A four-block field trial compared straw removal (T1), burning with the ash retained (T2), incorporation (T3) and incorporation plus Bacillus (T4), each with 6 t straw dry matter ha−1, 120 kg N ha−1 and no mineral K. Litterbags, soil mineral N, exchangeable K and crop uptake were followed for one season. The inoculant raised the straw decay constant by 28% (half-life 67 vs 86 d) and turned early net N retention in the straw into net release. Incorporation lowered soil mineral N at sowing, but T4 held the most mineral N at stem elongation (25.6 mg kg−1) and the most exchangeable K at harvest (159 mg kg−1). Compared with burning, T4 took up 19.4 kg more N ha−1 (+19.5%; Bonferroni-adjusted P < 0.001) and 20.4 kg more K ha−1 (+20.8%; Padj = 0.028), and grain yield rose by 8.5% (Padj = 0.088). A block-paired sensitivity test confirmed the N gain, strengthened the yield gain (Padj = 0.013) and weakened the K gain (Padj = 0.21). Inoculated incorporation is thus a credible replacement for burning, mainly through better N supply. Multi-season trials with labelled N are needed.
Keywords:
Rice straw, Residue burning, Cellulolytic Bacillus, Litterbag decomposition, Nitrogen immobilization, Exchangeable potassium, Wheat nutrient uptake
References
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4. Huang L, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Zhu A, Liu Z, Wang Y, Allen DT, Li L. Assessment of the effects of straw burning bans in China: Emissions, air quality, and health impacts. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;789:147935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147935
5. Pradhan P, Pandit TK, Sinha AK. Short-Term Impact of Rice Residue Burning and Management on Soil Nutrients and Crop Yield in a Rice-Wheat Cropping System. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 2025;15(8):396–407. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2025/v15i84983
6. Tawfeeq WS, Najmuldeen HHR, Hassan M, Hama Amin HH, Mam Rasul GA. Impact of Crop Residue Burning on Soil Properties, Microbial Activity, and CO2 Emissions. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. 2025;2025(1):6423454. https://doi.org/10.1155/aess/6423454
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8. Longshang PR, Singh VP, Chandra S, Shukla A, Singh VK, Pareek N, Zhiipao RR, Reddy KS, Duo H, Dorjee L, Rayapati K. Optimization of nitrogen management reduce nitrogen stress and enhance productivity of super-seeder sown wheat under rice residue incorporation. Discover Applied Sciences. 2024;6(4):211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-05823-3
9. Li H, Li J, Jiao X, Jiang H, Liu Y, Wang X, Ma C. The Fate and Challenges of the Main Nutrients in Returned Straw: A Basic Review. Agronomy. 2024;14(4):698. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040698
10. Sharma S, Singh P, Kaur S, Singh Y. Fertilizer-N Application and Rice Straw Incorporation Impacts on Crop Yields, Potassium Use Efficiency and Potassium Fractions in a Rice–wheat Cropping System. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2022;53(7):793–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.2028816
11. Ji C, Wang J, Xu C, Gu Y, Yuan J, Liang D, Wang L, Ning Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y. Amendment of straw with decomposing inoculants benefits the ecosystem carbon budget and carbon footprint in a subtropical wheat cropping field. Science of the Total Environment. 2024;923:171419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171419
12. Li Y, Shuai K, Li J, Hu X, Chen G. Comparison of the Effect of Different Microbial Agents on the Decomposition of Rice Straw. Fermentation. 2025;11(6):332. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11060332
13. Zhao B, Dong W, Chen Z, Zhao X, Cai Z, Feng J, Li S, Sun X. Microbial inoculation accelerates rice straw decomposition by reshaping structure and function of lignocellulose-degrading microbial consortia in paddy fields. Bioresource Technology. 2024;413:131545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131545
14. Sandhu OS, Jat ML, Gupta RK, Thind HS, Sidhu HS, Singh Y. Influence of Residue Type and Method of Placement on Dynamics of Decomposition and Nitrogen Release in Maize-Wheat-Mungbean Cropping on Permanent Raised Beds: A Litterbag Study. Sustainability. 2022;14(2):864. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020864
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16. Wang X, Huang J, Tan Y, Yang L, Li Y, Xia B, Li H, Deng X. Synergistic Effects of Deep Rotary Tillage and Microbial Decomposition Agents on Straw Decomposition, Soil Nutrient Dynamics, and Microbial Communities in Rice Systems. Agriculture. 2025;15(13):1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131447
17. Sharma S, Singh P, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH, Iqbal J. Tillage, green manuring and crop residue management impacts on crop productivity, potassium use efficiency and potassium fractions under rice-wheat system. Heliyon. 2023;9(7):e17828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17828
18. Huang H, Wang J, Leng S. Construction and application of soil-amending microbial inoculant for straw decomposition. International Microbiology. 2025;28(7):1521–1538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00639-6
19. Jia S, Qu H, Li B, Chu J, Juan Y, Xing Y, Liu Y, Bao H, Sun W. Construction and Functional Validation of a Cross-Niche Multifunctional Microbial Consortium for Straw-Returning Agricultural Systems. Microorganisms. 2026;14(1):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010135
20. Malik WA, Javed S. Biochemical Characterization of Cellulase From Bacillus subtilis Strain and its Effect on Digestibility and Structural Modifications of Lignocellulose Rich Biomass. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2021;9:800265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.800265
21. Phukongchai W, Kaewpradit W, Rasche F. Inoculation of cellulolytic and ligninolytic microorganisms accelerates decomposition of high C/N and cellulose rich sugarcane straw in tropical sandy soils. Applied Soil Ecology. 2022;172:104355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104355
22. Wang X, He P, Xu X, Qiu S, Zhao S. Characteristics of rice straw decomposition and bacterial community succession for 2 consecutive years in a paddy field in southeastern China. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:20893. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25229-8
23. Sun L, Sun Z, Hu J, Yaa O-K, Wu J. Decomposition Characteristics, Nutrient Release, and Structural Changes of Maize Straw in Dryland Farming under Combined Application of Animal Manure. Sustainability. 2021;13(14):7609. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147609
24. Hu J, Guan X, Liang X, Wang B, Chen X, He X, Xie J, Deng G, Chen J, Li X, Qiu C, Qian Y, Peng C, Zhang K, Chen J. Optimizing the Nitrogen Fertilizer Management to Maximize the Benefit of Straw Returning on Early Rice Yield by Modulating Soil N Availability. Agriculture. 2024;14(7):1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071168
25. Chen H, Rosinger C, Blagodatsky S, Reichel R, Li B, Kumar A, Rothardt S, Luo J, Brüggemann N, Kage H, Bonkowski M. Straw amendment and nitrification inhibitor controlling N losses and immobilization in a soil cooling-warming experiment. Science of the Total Environment. 2023;870:162007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162007
26. Bei S, Li X, Kuyper TW, Chadwick DR, Zhang J. Nitrogen availability mediates the priming effect of soil organic matter by preferentially altering the straw carbon-assimilating microbial community. Science of the Total Environment. 2022;815:152882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152882
27. Chen L, Yang S, Gao J, Chen L, Ning H, Hu Z, Lu J, Tan X, Zeng Y, Pan X, Zeng Y. Long-Term Straw Return with Reducing Chemical Fertilizers Application Improves Soil Nitrogen Mineralization in a Double Rice-Cropping System. Agronomy. 2022;12(8):1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081767
28. Tanwar K, Raj D, Garg R, Kumari U, Rani P, Tanwar K. Temperature-mediated soil microbial activity and nutrient availability in wheat under different rice residue management strategies. International Agrophysics. 2026;40(2):203–212. https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/215302
29. Arunrat N, Sereenonchai S, Sansupa C, Kongsurakan P, Hatano R. Effect of Rice Straw and Stubble Burning on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Communities in Central Thailand. Biology. 2023;12(4):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040501
30. Rattan S, Mavi MS, Sodhi AS, Kaur R. Continuous Incorporation of Rice Residue and Its Biochar for 8 Years Promotes Potassium Availability, Soil Functionality and Crop Productivity Under Rice-Wheat System in North-Western India. Soil Use and Management. 2025;41(2):e70083. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.70083
31. Zhang Z, Liu D, Wu M, Xia Y, Zhang F, Fan X. Long-term straw returning improve soil K balance and potassium supplying ability under rice and wheat cultivation. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:22260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01594-8
32. Xiong Z, Zhu D, Lu Y, Lu J, Liao Y, Ren T, Li X. Continuous potassium fertilization combined with straw return increased soil potassium availability and risk of potassium loss in rice-upland rotation systems. Chemosphere. 2023;344:140390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140390
33. Sharma S, Singh P, Kumar S. Responses of Soil Carbon Pools, Enzymatic Activity, and Crop Yields to Nitrogen and Straw Incorporation in a Rice-Wheat Cropping System in North-Western India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020;4:532704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.532704
34. Korav S, Yadav DB, Yadav A, Rajanna GA, Parshad J, Tallapragada S, Elansary HO, Mahmoud EA. Rice residue management alternatives in rice–wheat cropping system: impact on wheat productivity, soil organic carbon, water and microbial dynamics. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:1822. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52319-6
35. Gupta RK, Kaur J, Kang JS, Singh H, Kaur S, Sayed S, Gaber A, Hossain A. Tillage in Combination with Rice Straw Retention in a Rice–Wheat System Improves the Productivity and Quality of Wheat Grain through Improving the Soil Physio-Chemical Properties. Land. 2022;11(10):1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101693
36. Yadav A, Kumar R, Kabak G, Menon S, Saral R, Mehta S, Dahiya P. Impact of Different Rice Straw Management Techniques and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2025;59(9):1430–1435. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6383
37. Yan F, Zhou W, Sun Y, Guo C, Xiang K, Li N, Yang Z, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Wang X, Ma J. No-tillage with straw mulching promotes the utilization of soil nitrogen by rice under wheat–rice and oilseed rape–rice cropping systems. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2023;14:1170739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1170739
38. Vitali A, Russo F, Moretti B, Romani M, Vidotto F, Fogliatto S, Celi L, Said-Pullicino D. Interaction between water, crop residue and fertilization management on the source-differentiated nitrogen uptake by rice. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 2024;60(6):757–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01794-0
39. Vashisht BB, Jalota SK, Ramteke P, Kaur R, Jayeswal DK. Impact of rice (O. sativa L.) straw incorporation induced changes in soil physical and chemical properties on yield, water and nitrogen–balance and –use efficiency of wheat (T. aestivum L.) in rice–wheat cropping system: Field and simulation studies. Agricultural Systems. 2021;194:103279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103279
40. Wang X, Mi X, Sun L, He G, Wang Z. Straw return cannot prevent soil potassium depletion in wheat fields of drylands. European Journal of Agronomy. 2023;143:126728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126728
41. Han Y, Ma W, Zhou B, Salah A, Geng M, Cao C, Zhan M, Zhao M. Straw return increases crop grain yields and K-use efficiency under a maize-rice cropping system. The Crop Journal. 2021;9(1):168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2020.04.003
42. Shaghaleh H, Zhu Y, Shi X, Alhaj Hamoud Y, Ma C. Co-Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Straw-Decomposing Microbial Inoculant on Decomposition and Transformation of Field Composted Wheat Straw. Life. 2023;13(10):1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13101993
2. Goswami SB, Mondal R, Mandi SK. Crop residue management options in rice–rice system: a review. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2020;66(9):1218–1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1661994
3. Reddy SS, Chhabra V. Crop Residue Burning: Is It a Boon or a Bane? Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2022;53(18):2353–2364. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.2071927
4. Huang L, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Zhu A, Liu Z, Wang Y, Allen DT, Li L. Assessment of the effects of straw burning bans in China: Emissions, air quality, and health impacts. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;789:147935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147935
5. Pradhan P, Pandit TK, Sinha AK. Short-Term Impact of Rice Residue Burning and Management on Soil Nutrients and Crop Yield in a Rice-Wheat Cropping System. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 2025;15(8):396–407. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2025/v15i84983
6. Tawfeeq WS, Najmuldeen HHR, Hassan M, Hama Amin HH, Mam Rasul GA. Impact of Crop Residue Burning on Soil Properties, Microbial Activity, and CO2 Emissions. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. 2025;2025(1):6423454. https://doi.org/10.1155/aess/6423454
7. Bhardwaj AK, Malik K, Rani M, Mandal UK, Basak N, Singh A, Yadav RK, Chaudhari SK, Sharma DK. Residue recycling options and their implications for sustainable nitrogen management in rice–wheat agroecosystems. Ecological Processes. 2023;12(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-023-00464-7
8. Longshang PR, Singh VP, Chandra S, Shukla A, Singh VK, Pareek N, Zhiipao RR, Reddy KS, Duo H, Dorjee L, Rayapati K. Optimization of nitrogen management reduce nitrogen stress and enhance productivity of super-seeder sown wheat under rice residue incorporation. Discover Applied Sciences. 2024;6(4):211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-05823-3
9. Li H, Li J, Jiao X, Jiang H, Liu Y, Wang X, Ma C. The Fate and Challenges of the Main Nutrients in Returned Straw: A Basic Review. Agronomy. 2024;14(4):698. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040698
10. Sharma S, Singh P, Kaur S, Singh Y. Fertilizer-N Application and Rice Straw Incorporation Impacts on Crop Yields, Potassium Use Efficiency and Potassium Fractions in a Rice–wheat Cropping System. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2022;53(7):793–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.2028816
11. Ji C, Wang J, Xu C, Gu Y, Yuan J, Liang D, Wang L, Ning Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y. Amendment of straw with decomposing inoculants benefits the ecosystem carbon budget and carbon footprint in a subtropical wheat cropping field. Science of the Total Environment. 2024;923:171419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171419
12. Li Y, Shuai K, Li J, Hu X, Chen G. Comparison of the Effect of Different Microbial Agents on the Decomposition of Rice Straw. Fermentation. 2025;11(6):332. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11060332
13. Zhao B, Dong W, Chen Z, Zhao X, Cai Z, Feng J, Li S, Sun X. Microbial inoculation accelerates rice straw decomposition by reshaping structure and function of lignocellulose-degrading microbial consortia in paddy fields. Bioresource Technology. 2024;413:131545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131545
14. Sandhu OS, Jat ML, Gupta RK, Thind HS, Sidhu HS, Singh Y. Influence of Residue Type and Method of Placement on Dynamics of Decomposition and Nitrogen Release in Maize-Wheat-Mungbean Cropping on Permanent Raised Beds: A Litterbag Study. Sustainability. 2022;14(2):864. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020864
15. Mishra AK, Shinjo H, Jat HS, Jat ML, Jat RK, Funakawa S. Assessing the impact of rice-wheat-maize residue decomposition rate and nutrient dynamics of residue and soil using different placement method in the IGP of India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2024;8:1409370. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1409370
16. Wang X, Huang J, Tan Y, Yang L, Li Y, Xia B, Li H, Deng X. Synergistic Effects of Deep Rotary Tillage and Microbial Decomposition Agents on Straw Decomposition, Soil Nutrient Dynamics, and Microbial Communities in Rice Systems. Agriculture. 2025;15(13):1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131447
17. Sharma S, Singh P, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH, Iqbal J. Tillage, green manuring and crop residue management impacts on crop productivity, potassium use efficiency and potassium fractions under rice-wheat system. Heliyon. 2023;9(7):e17828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17828
18. Huang H, Wang J, Leng S. Construction and application of soil-amending microbial inoculant for straw decomposition. International Microbiology. 2025;28(7):1521–1538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00639-6
19. Jia S, Qu H, Li B, Chu J, Juan Y, Xing Y, Liu Y, Bao H, Sun W. Construction and Functional Validation of a Cross-Niche Multifunctional Microbial Consortium for Straw-Returning Agricultural Systems. Microorganisms. 2026;14(1):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010135
20. Malik WA, Javed S. Biochemical Characterization of Cellulase From Bacillus subtilis Strain and its Effect on Digestibility and Structural Modifications of Lignocellulose Rich Biomass. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2021;9:800265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.800265
21. Phukongchai W, Kaewpradit W, Rasche F. Inoculation of cellulolytic and ligninolytic microorganisms accelerates decomposition of high C/N and cellulose rich sugarcane straw in tropical sandy soils. Applied Soil Ecology. 2022;172:104355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104355
22. Wang X, He P, Xu X, Qiu S, Zhao S. Characteristics of rice straw decomposition and bacterial community succession for 2 consecutive years in a paddy field in southeastern China. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:20893. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25229-8
23. Sun L, Sun Z, Hu J, Yaa O-K, Wu J. Decomposition Characteristics, Nutrient Release, and Structural Changes of Maize Straw in Dryland Farming under Combined Application of Animal Manure. Sustainability. 2021;13(14):7609. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147609
24. Hu J, Guan X, Liang X, Wang B, Chen X, He X, Xie J, Deng G, Chen J, Li X, Qiu C, Qian Y, Peng C, Zhang K, Chen J. Optimizing the Nitrogen Fertilizer Management to Maximize the Benefit of Straw Returning on Early Rice Yield by Modulating Soil N Availability. Agriculture. 2024;14(7):1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071168
25. Chen H, Rosinger C, Blagodatsky S, Reichel R, Li B, Kumar A, Rothardt S, Luo J, Brüggemann N, Kage H, Bonkowski M. Straw amendment and nitrification inhibitor controlling N losses and immobilization in a soil cooling-warming experiment. Science of the Total Environment. 2023;870:162007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162007
26. Bei S, Li X, Kuyper TW, Chadwick DR, Zhang J. Nitrogen availability mediates the priming effect of soil organic matter by preferentially altering the straw carbon-assimilating microbial community. Science of the Total Environment. 2022;815:152882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152882
27. Chen L, Yang S, Gao J, Chen L, Ning H, Hu Z, Lu J, Tan X, Zeng Y, Pan X, Zeng Y. Long-Term Straw Return with Reducing Chemical Fertilizers Application Improves Soil Nitrogen Mineralization in a Double Rice-Cropping System. Agronomy. 2022;12(8):1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081767
28. Tanwar K, Raj D, Garg R, Kumari U, Rani P, Tanwar K. Temperature-mediated soil microbial activity and nutrient availability in wheat under different rice residue management strategies. International Agrophysics. 2026;40(2):203–212. https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/215302
29. Arunrat N, Sereenonchai S, Sansupa C, Kongsurakan P, Hatano R. Effect of Rice Straw and Stubble Burning on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Communities in Central Thailand. Biology. 2023;12(4):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040501
30. Rattan S, Mavi MS, Sodhi AS, Kaur R. Continuous Incorporation of Rice Residue and Its Biochar for 8 Years Promotes Potassium Availability, Soil Functionality and Crop Productivity Under Rice-Wheat System in North-Western India. Soil Use and Management. 2025;41(2):e70083. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.70083
31. Zhang Z, Liu D, Wu M, Xia Y, Zhang F, Fan X. Long-term straw returning improve soil K balance and potassium supplying ability under rice and wheat cultivation. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:22260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01594-8
32. Xiong Z, Zhu D, Lu Y, Lu J, Liao Y, Ren T, Li X. Continuous potassium fertilization combined with straw return increased soil potassium availability and risk of potassium loss in rice-upland rotation systems. Chemosphere. 2023;344:140390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140390
33. Sharma S, Singh P, Kumar S. Responses of Soil Carbon Pools, Enzymatic Activity, and Crop Yields to Nitrogen and Straw Incorporation in a Rice-Wheat Cropping System in North-Western India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020;4:532704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.532704
34. Korav S, Yadav DB, Yadav A, Rajanna GA, Parshad J, Tallapragada S, Elansary HO, Mahmoud EA. Rice residue management alternatives in rice–wheat cropping system: impact on wheat productivity, soil organic carbon, water and microbial dynamics. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:1822. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52319-6
35. Gupta RK, Kaur J, Kang JS, Singh H, Kaur S, Sayed S, Gaber A, Hossain A. Tillage in Combination with Rice Straw Retention in a Rice–Wheat System Improves the Productivity and Quality of Wheat Grain through Improving the Soil Physio-Chemical Properties. Land. 2022;11(10):1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101693
36. Yadav A, Kumar R, Kabak G, Menon S, Saral R, Mehta S, Dahiya P. Impact of Different Rice Straw Management Techniques and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2025;59(9):1430–1435. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6383
37. Yan F, Zhou W, Sun Y, Guo C, Xiang K, Li N, Yang Z, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Wang X, Ma J. No-tillage with straw mulching promotes the utilization of soil nitrogen by rice under wheat–rice and oilseed rape–rice cropping systems. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2023;14:1170739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1170739
38. Vitali A, Russo F, Moretti B, Romani M, Vidotto F, Fogliatto S, Celi L, Said-Pullicino D. Interaction between water, crop residue and fertilization management on the source-differentiated nitrogen uptake by rice. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 2024;60(6):757–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01794-0
39. Vashisht BB, Jalota SK, Ramteke P, Kaur R, Jayeswal DK. Impact of rice (O. sativa L.) straw incorporation induced changes in soil physical and chemical properties on yield, water and nitrogen–balance and –use efficiency of wheat (T. aestivum L.) in rice–wheat cropping system: Field and simulation studies. Agricultural Systems. 2021;194:103279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103279
40. Wang X, Mi X, Sun L, He G, Wang Z. Straw return cannot prevent soil potassium depletion in wheat fields of drylands. European Journal of Agronomy. 2023;143:126728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126728
41. Han Y, Ma W, Zhou B, Salah A, Geng M, Cao C, Zhan M, Zhao M. Straw return increases crop grain yields and K-use efficiency under a maize-rice cropping system. The Crop Journal. 2021;9(1):168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2020.04.003
42. Shaghaleh H, Zhu Y, Shi X, Alhaj Hamoud Y, Ma C. Co-Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Straw-Decomposing Microbial Inoculant on Decomposition and Transformation of Field Composted Wheat Straw. Life. 2023;13(10):1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13101993
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Essa, A. M. (2026). Rice-Straw Incorporation with a Cellulolytic Bacillus Inoculant versus Straw Burning: Nitrogen and Potassium Supply to the Following Wheat Crop. Journal of Integral Sciences, 9(2), 102-113. https://doi.org/10.37022/jis.v9i2.159
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