Journal of Integral Sciences

A review on nano sponges: a versatile nanoparticle drug delivery system

Lakshmisavithri S — 2025-03-10

Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the 21 centuries. It is related to design characterization, production and applications of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at manometer scale. These nano particles are characterized by unique physical, optical and electrical features that are attractive for disciplines ranging from material science to biomedicine. So various nanoforms have been attempted as drug delivery systems. Nano sponges are novel class of hyper crosslinked polymer based colloidal drug carries with nanosized cavities to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drug moieties. it has a backbone long length biodegradable polymer these polymer strands are mixed with small molecules called cross linkers that have an affinity certain portion of the polymer to form a spherical shape that has many packets or cavities where drugs can be stored. They can circumvent the various formulation challenges associated With poor water solubility, low bioavailability, targeting and controlled release of activities. In this present review various formulations additives like polymers, solvents and crosslinkers for the preparation of nano sponges, its advantages, characteristics, and various methods of preparations like melt method, emulsion solvent evaporation, emulsion solvent diffusion method, ultrasound assisted synthesis were studied.

Review on inguinal hernia in children

Nagalakshmaiah Yadavalli — 2025-04-25

Inguinal hernia is frequently diagnosed by clinical exam. Imaging tests are recommended in the absence of definitive signs or associated symptoms that indicate complications. Ultrasonography (US) is the most common method used for examination of the various types of hernias. Inguinal hernias are the most prevalent type of hernia. US (grayscale or color Doppler ultrasonography) are suggested for examining inguinal hernias. CT is used to differentiate inguinal and femoral hernia based on the correlation between the hernia sac and pubic tubercle. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is favored for diagnosing occult inguinal hernias when there are constraints associated with US and computed tomography (CT); or a lack of definitive diagnostic results Inguinal hernia is an acquired or congenital condition wherein the abdominal cavity contents protrude into the inguinal canal. In men, the testes migrate from the abdomen into the scrotum through the inguinal canal. Thus, men (more than women) are more likely to develop an indirect inguinal hernia. An indirect hernia can occur congenitally. Indirect inguinal hernias present on the lateral side of the Hesselbach triangle and enter the inguinal canal through the deep or internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias constitute inguinal hernias that protrude through the Hesselbach triangle, remaining medial and caudal to the inguinal canal’s origin at the internal inguinal ring. These hernias are common in older males and carry a lower risk of strangulation. The characteristic sign of a direct hernia on CT is a lateral fat crescent.

Human Rights and Civil Liberties in India: An Analysis of the Role of Judiciary and Civil Society

Yamini Jyothsna K — 2025-04-08

The protection of human rights and civil liberties in India has evolved through a complex interplay between the judiciary, civil society, and the state. This paper examines the significant roles played by the Indian judiciary and civil society organizations in safeguarding human rights and promoting civil liberties. By analyzing landmark judicial decisions, the activism of civil society, and the challenges they face, the article provides insights into the current state of human rights in India and highlights areas for further improvement. Additionally, the interaction between these two entities demonstrates their critical roles in fostering a culture of rights in a diverse and pluralistic society.