A Review on COVID Vaccine
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a global effort to rapidly develop vaccines, leading to the approval and widespread use of several types. This summary explores key COVID-19 vaccines, including messenger RNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna), vector-based vaccines (AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson), and protein-based vaccines (Novavax). It outlines how these vaccines function, their effectiveness, safety profiles, and the logistical and social challenges related to their distribution and public acceptance. The review also highlights the impact of emerging variants on vaccine performance, the need for booster doses, and future directions in vaccine innovation. The goal is to provide healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers with the most current insights into COVID-19 vaccination.
Keywords:
COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA vaccines, Vector-based vaccines, Vaccine effectiveness, Booster doses, Vaccine hesitancy
References
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14. Niazi, S. K. (2023). The dawn of in vivo Gene Editing Era: a revolution in the making. Biologics, 3(4), 253–295.
15. Laurini, G. S., Montanaro, N., Broccoli, M., Bonaldo, G., & Motola, D. (2023). Real-life safety profile of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19: An analysis of VAERS database. Vaccine, 41(18), 2879–2886.
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23. Junqueira, C., Crespo, Â., Ranjbar, S., De Lacerda, L. B., Lewandrowski, M., Ingber, J., Parry, B., Ravid, S., Clark, S., Schrimpf, M. R., Ho, F., Beakes, C., Margolin, J., Russell, N., Kays, K., Boucau, J., Adhikari, U. D., Vora, S. M., Leger, V., . . . Lieberman, J. (2022). FcγR-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation. Nature, 606(7914), 576–584.
24. Journal, S. (2022). Sciential Issue 9. Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal, 9.
25. Mercola, J., & Cummins, R. (2021). The truth about COVID-19: Exposing The Great Reset, Lockdowns, Vaccine Passports, and the New Normal. Chelsea Green Publishing.
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28. Huang, Y. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and China’s global health leadership.
29. Sayed, M., Emam, S., Garhy, O. E., Sarhan, H., & Kamal, A. (2023). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines: Impact, immunogenicity, and its potential role in post-vaccination induced hypersensitivity. Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 0(0), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.21608/jabps.2023.184283.1176
30. Deb, P., Furceri, D., Jimenez, D., Kothari, S., Ostry, J. D., Ostry, J. D., & Tawk, N. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 vaccines on economic activity. International Monetary Fund.
31. Ralph AP, Noonan S, Wade V, Currie BJ. The 2020 Australian guideline for prevention, diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Medical Journal of Australia. 2021 Mar;214(5):220-7..
32. Jones, P. (2021). Here are 16 reasons why you should get vaccinated: The 16 Reasons To Get Vaccinated Against COVID-19 And Other Infectious Diseases.
33. Uchegbu, I. F., Schätzlein, A. G., Lalatsa, A., & Lopez, D. R. S. (2024). Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Nanoscience. Springer Nature.
34. Humphries, S., & Bystrianyk, R. (2024). Dissolving illusions: Disease, Vaccines, and the Forgotten History 10th Anniversary Edition. Roman Bystrianyk. Offit, P. A. (2022). Overkill: When Modern Medicine Goes Too Far. Harper Paperbacks.
35. Davis, C., Sr, Nives, M., & Alterio, R. (2021). Home doctor: Practical Medicine for Every Household. Claude Davis.
36. Medicine, N. a. O. S. E. A., Division, H. a. M., & Practice, B. O. P. H. a. P. H. (2020). Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of antimalarial drugs when used for prophylaxis. National Academies Press.
37. Davis, C., Sr, Nives, M., & Alterio, R. (2021b). Home doctor: Practical Medicine for Every Household. Claude Davis.
38. Faqi, A. S. (2024). A Comprehensive Guide to toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development. Elsevier.
39. Organization, W. H. (2022). Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm.
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42. Bhaskar, B., Rao, P. S., Kasoju, N., Nagarjuna, V., & Baadhe, R. R. (2021). Biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: From Basic Concepts to State of the Art Approaches. Springer Nature.
43. Srivastava, V., Banerjee, A., Singh, H., & Gupta, S. K. (2022). A retrospective study of mortality benefit provided by single dose COVID vaccine at society level during second wave of COVID at a zonal hospital. International Journal of Health Sciences, 823–828. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.5507
44. Organization, W. H. (2022a). Annexes to the recommendations for use of the Janssen AD26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19: Grading of evidence evidence to recommendation tables
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46. Hester, R. E., & Harrison, R. M. (2016). Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Volume 41. Royal Society of Chemistry
47. Kolhe, P., & Ohtake, S. (2021). Practical aspects of vaccine development. Academic Press
48. Regy, P., & Sarwal, R. (2021). Turning around the power distribution sector: Learnings and Best Practices from Reforms.
49. Hu, W., Chiu, S., Yang, Y., & Singh, S. (2024). COVID-19 vaccination reporting and adverse event analysis in Taiwan. Vaccines, 12(6), 591. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060591
2. Lewis, M., Govender, E., & Holland, K. (2021). Communicating COVID-19: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer Nature.
3. Fassin, D., & Fourcade, M. (2022). Pandemic Exposures: Economy and Society in the Time of Coronavirus. HAU Books.
4. Han, B., Tomer, V., Nguyen, T. A., Farmani, A., & Singh, P. K. (2020). Nanosensors for smart cities. Elsevier.
5. Denizli, A., & Saylan, Y. (2021). Biosensors for virus detection. IOP Publishing Limited.
6. Kumar, V. (2019). Vaccines: The History and Future. BoD—Books on Demand.
7. Heldman, M. R., & Limaye, A. P. (2021). SARS-COV-2 vaccines in kidney transplant recipients: Will they be safe and effective and how will we know? Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 32(5), 1021–1024.
8. Kumar, A., Tripathi, P., Kumar, P., Shekhar, R., & Pathak, R. (2024). From detection to protection: Antibodies and their crucial role in diagnosing and combatting SARS-COV-2. Vaccines, 12(5), 459.
9. García-Sancho, M., & Lowe, J. (2023). A History of Genomics across Species, Communities and Projects. In Medicine and biomedical sciences in modern history.
10. Caleb, N. J., Nwankwo, V. C., Chimaobi, N. C., James, U. U., Igwe, U. S., & Chinedu, A. (2022). Biochemistry of Corona Virus: An Overveiw. Asian Journal of Biochemistry Genetics and Molecular Biology, 75–96.
11. Betz, U. A., Arora, L., Assal, R. A., Azevedo, H., Baldwin, J., Becker, M. S., Bostock, S., Cheng, V., Egle, T., Ferrari, N., Schneider-Futschik, E. K., Gerhardy, S., Hammes, A., Harzheim, A., Herget, T., Jauset, C., Kretschmer, S., Lammie, C., Kloss, N., . . . Zhao, G. (2023). Game changers in science and technology - now and beyond. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193, 122588.
12. Mills, C. D., & Ley, K. (2014). M1 and M2 Macrophages: The Chicken and the Egg of Immunity. Journal of Innate Immunity, 6(6), 716–726.
13. Janssens, T. H. (2024). Diagnostic tools for oral infections based on artificial receptors.
14. Niazi, S. K. (2023). The dawn of in vivo Gene Editing Era: a revolution in the making. Biologics, 3(4), 253–295.
15. Laurini, G. S., Montanaro, N., Broccoli, M., Bonaldo, G., & Motola, D. (2023). Real-life safety profile of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19: An analysis of VAERS database. Vaccine, 41(18), 2879–2886.
16. Abdurakhmonov, I. (2022). COVID-19 vaccines - current state and perspectives. In IntechOpen eBooks.
17. Wong, M. C., Wong, E. L., Huang, J., Cheung, A. W., Law, K., Chong, M. K., Ng, R. W., Lai, C. K., Boon, S. S., Lau, J. T., Chen, Z., & Chan, P. K. (2021). Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the health belief model: A population-based survey in Hong Kong. Vaccine, 39(7), 1148–1156.
18. Santosa, M. D. F., Syam, A. F., Sidipratomo, P., Puruhito, M. D. I., Sutoto, & Kröger, M. K. (2021). Covid-19 — a pandemic. Airlangga University Press.
19. Heldman, M. R., & Limaye, A. P. (2021b). SARS-COV-2 vaccines in kidney transplant recipients: Will they be safe and effective and how will we know? Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 32(5), 1021–1024.
20. Sax, J. K., & Doran, N. (2024). COVID-19 pediatric vaccine authorization, FDA authority, and individual misperception of risk. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 11(1).
21. Imai, N., Rawson, T., Knock, E. S., Sonabend, R., Elmaci, Y., Perez-Guzman, P. N., Whittles, L. K., Kanapram, D. T., Gaythorpe, K. a. M., Hinsley, W., Djaafara, B. A., Wang, H., Fraser, K., FitzJohn, R. G., Hogan, A. B., Doohan, P., Ghani, A. C., Ferguson, N. M., Baguelin, M., & Cori, A. (2023). Quantifying the effect of delaying the second COVID-19 vaccine dose in England: a mathematical modelling study. The Lancet Public Health, 8(3), e174–e183.
22. Vuong, Q., Le, T., La, V., Nguyen, H. T. T., Ho, M., Van Khuc, Q., & Nguyen, M. (2022). Covid-19 vaccines production and societal immunization under the serendipity-mindsponge-3D knowledge management theory and conceptual framework. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1).
23. Junqueira, C., Crespo, Â., Ranjbar, S., De Lacerda, L. B., Lewandrowski, M., Ingber, J., Parry, B., Ravid, S., Clark, S., Schrimpf, M. R., Ho, F., Beakes, C., Margolin, J., Russell, N., Kays, K., Boucau, J., Adhikari, U. D., Vora, S. M., Leger, V., . . . Lieberman, J. (2022). FcγR-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation. Nature, 606(7914), 576–584.
24. Journal, S. (2022). Sciential Issue 9. Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal, 9.
25. Mercola, J., & Cummins, R. (2021). The truth about COVID-19: Exposing The Great Reset, Lockdowns, Vaccine Passports, and the New Normal. Chelsea Green Publishing.
26. Vogel, A. (2007). A group analysis evaluation of the class Insecta in terms of known materia medica.
27. Sethi, D., & Maj, R. K. (2020). Medical Surgical Nursing I & II. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited.
28. Huang, Y. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and China’s global health leadership.
29. Sayed, M., Emam, S., Garhy, O. E., Sarhan, H., & Kamal, A. (2023). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines: Impact, immunogenicity, and its potential role in post-vaccination induced hypersensitivity. Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 0(0), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.21608/jabps.2023.184283.1176
30. Deb, P., Furceri, D., Jimenez, D., Kothari, S., Ostry, J. D., Ostry, J. D., & Tawk, N. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 vaccines on economic activity. International Monetary Fund.
31. Ralph AP, Noonan S, Wade V, Currie BJ. The 2020 Australian guideline for prevention, diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Medical Journal of Australia. 2021 Mar;214(5):220-7..
32. Jones, P. (2021). Here are 16 reasons why you should get vaccinated: The 16 Reasons To Get Vaccinated Against COVID-19 And Other Infectious Diseases.
33. Uchegbu, I. F., Schätzlein, A. G., Lalatsa, A., & Lopez, D. R. S. (2024). Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Nanoscience. Springer Nature.
34. Humphries, S., & Bystrianyk, R. (2024). Dissolving illusions: Disease, Vaccines, and the Forgotten History 10th Anniversary Edition. Roman Bystrianyk. Offit, P. A. (2022). Overkill: When Modern Medicine Goes Too Far. Harper Paperbacks.
35. Davis, C., Sr, Nives, M., & Alterio, R. (2021). Home doctor: Practical Medicine for Every Household. Claude Davis.
36. Medicine, N. a. O. S. E. A., Division, H. a. M., & Practice, B. O. P. H. a. P. H. (2020). Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of antimalarial drugs when used for prophylaxis. National Academies Press.
37. Davis, C., Sr, Nives, M., & Alterio, R. (2021b). Home doctor: Practical Medicine for Every Household. Claude Davis.
38. Faqi, A. S. (2024). A Comprehensive Guide to toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development. Elsevier.
39. Organization, W. H. (2022). Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm.
40. Witt, J. F. (2021). American contagions: Epidemics and the Law from Smallpox to COVID-19.
41. Garg, R., Garg, R., & Eddy, N. O. (2022). Handbook of Research on green Synthesis and Applications of Nanomaterials. IGI Global.
42. Bhaskar, B., Rao, P. S., Kasoju, N., Nagarjuna, V., & Baadhe, R. R. (2021). Biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: From Basic Concepts to State of the Art Approaches. Springer Nature.
43. Srivastava, V., Banerjee, A., Singh, H., & Gupta, S. K. (2022). A retrospective study of mortality benefit provided by single dose COVID vaccine at society level during second wave of COVID at a zonal hospital. International Journal of Health Sciences, 823–828. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.5507
44. Organization, W. H. (2022a). Annexes to the recommendations for use of the Janssen AD26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19: Grading of evidence evidence to recommendation tables
45. Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Bin-Jumah, M. N., Alothman, S. I., & Henidi, H. A. (2022). Alternative medicine interventions for COVID-19. Springer.
46. Hester, R. E., & Harrison, R. M. (2016). Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Volume 41. Royal Society of Chemistry
47. Kolhe, P., & Ohtake, S. (2021). Practical aspects of vaccine development. Academic Press
48. Regy, P., & Sarwal, R. (2021). Turning around the power distribution sector: Learnings and Best Practices from Reforms.
49. Hu, W., Chiu, S., Yang, Y., & Singh, S. (2024). COVID-19 vaccination reporting and adverse event analysis in Taiwan. Vaccines, 12(6), 591. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060591
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Naidu, R. L. (2025). A Review on COVID Vaccine. Journal of Integral Sciences, 8(3), 1-9. Retrieved from https://jisciences.com/index.php/journal/article/view/109
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