Studies on Biosorption of Bromo Cresol Green Dye With Tamarind Sheels Powder and Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
Even while water sources may not be as harmful, a small coloration could make them unpalatable to consumers. The usage of synthetic dyes is rapidly increasing, which is the cause of this pollution. Since these pollutants degrade aquatic animals' natural environment, the optimum method for removing dyes and heavy metals is taken into consideration for the current study. In order to remove Bromocresol green dye from aqueous solutions, biosorption Tamarind shells powder is utilized. Agitation time, biosorbent size, pH, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dosage, and temperature are among the characteristics that were examined. Lagergren first order and pseudo second order models were included in the kinetic investigation. The study also covered isotherms such as Temkin, Freundlich, and Langmuir as well as thermodynamics. Regression analysis revealed that the experimental data was highly well-fitting and correlated.
Keywords:
Sorption, Isotherms, Time, Temperature, pH, Kinetics, Optimization
References
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20. Miller, S. J., & Shuler, M. L. (2006). Efficient nutrient removal in wastewater treatment. Environmental Engineering Science, 23(6), 863-872.
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29. Shao, W., & Hsu, J. P. (2010). Biosorption of heavy metals by Tamarind shell powder: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177(1-3), 74-81.
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31. Bai, R., & Abraham, T. E. (2001). Biosorption of basic dyes from aqueous solutions by Tamarind bark: A kinetic and equilibrium study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 87(2), 131-144.
32. Wang, J., & Chen, C. (2009). Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnology Advances, 27(2), 195-226.
33. Nayak, A., & Rao, A. S. (2010). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by tamarind fruit shell powder: A low-cost biosorbent. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(5), 1282-1287
34. Abdul, M. M., & Ali, S. E. (2014). Influence of biosorbent particle size on the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(1), 120-134.
35. Bai, R., & Abraham, T. E. (2001). Biosorption of basic dyes from aqueous solutions by Tamarind bark: A kinetic and equilibrium study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 87(2), 131-144.
36. Garg, U. K., & Gupta, R. (2004). Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by adsorption using biosorbent: Tamarind kernel powder. Bioresource Technology, 94(1), 33-39.
37. Mohan, D., & Pittman, C. U. (2007). Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents – A critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 142(1-2), 1-53.
38. Chakraborty, S., & Das, S. (2013). Influence of particle size on biosorption of dye from aqueous solution using Tamarind seed. Journal of Environmental Management, 129, 230-239.
39. Veglio, F., & Beolchini, F. (1997). Removal of metals by biosorption: A review. Hydrometallurgy, 44(3), 301–316.
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41. Volesky, B. (2001). Detoxification of metal-bearing effluents: Biosorption for the next century. Hydrometallurgy, 59(2-3), 203–216.
42. Reddy, D. H. K., & Seshaiah, K. (2011). Biosorption of heavy metals by Moringa oleifera bark: Influence of pH, particle size and biosorbent dose. Chemical Engineering Journal, 172(2-3), 556–563.
43. Kumari, P., & Das, S. (2016). Biosorption of Cr(VI) using tamarind shell biomass: Effect of pH and other parameters. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 6, 41–48.
44. Robinson, T., Chandran, B., & Nigam, P. (2002). Removal of dyes from a synthetic textile dye effluent by biosorption on apple pomace and wheat straw. Water Research, 36(11), 2824–2830.
45. Kannan, N., & Sundaram, M. M. (2001). Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons – A comparative study. Dyes and Pigments, 51(1), 25–40.
46. Crini, G. (2006). Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review. Bioresource Technology, 97(9), 1061–1085.
47. Aksu, Z. (2005). Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review. Process Biochemistry, 40(3-4), 997–1026.
48. Namasivayam, C., & Kavitha, D. (2002). Removal of Congo red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith. Chemosphere, 47(5), 719–730.
49. Aksu, Z. (2002). Determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the batch biosorption of Congo Red dye onto Rhizopus arrhizus. Process Biochemistry, 38(1), 89–99.
50. Kavitha, D., & Namasivayam, C. (2007). Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresource Technology, 98(1), 14–21.
51. Sivaraj, R., Namasivayam, C., & Kadirvelu, K. (2001). Orange peel as an adsorbent in the removal of acid violet 17 (acid dye) from aqueous solutions. Waste Management, 21(1), 105–110.
52. Mall, I. D., Srivastava, V. C., Agarwal, N. K., & Mishra, I. M. (2005). Adsorptive removal of Malachite Green dye from aqueous solution by bagasse fly ash and activated carbon: Equilibrium and kinetic modeling. Separation and Purification Technology, 40(1), 87–96.
53. El Qada, E. N., Allen, S. J., & Walker, G. M. (2008). Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto activated carbon produced from steam-activated bituminous coal: A study of equilibrium and thermodynamics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 135(3), 174–184.
54. Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 156(1), 2–10.
55. Kavitha, D., & Namasivayam, C. (2007). Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresource Technology, 98(1), 14–21.
56. Kumari, P., & Das, S. (2016). Biosorption of Cr(VI) using tamarind shell biomass: Isotherm and kinetic modeling. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 6, 41–48.
57. Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 156(1), 2–10.
58. Kumari, P., & Das, S. (2016). Biosorption of Cr(VI) using tamarind shell biomass: Isotherm and kinetic modeling. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 6, 41–48
59. Aksu, Z. (2001). Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of cadmium(II) biosorption by C. vulgaris in a batch system: Effect of temperature. Separation and Purification Technology, 21(3), 285–294.
60. Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 156(1), 2–10.
61. Kavitha, D., & Namasivayam, C. (2007). Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresource Technology, 98(1), 14–21.
62. Teker, M., & Imamoglu, M. (2011). Adsorption of copper and cadmium ions by using tamarind nutshell powder: Thermodynamic and isotherm studies. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 30(4), 685–695
63. Senthil Kumar, P., & Kirthika, K. (2009). Equilibrium and kinetic study of adsorption of nickel from aqueous solution onto bael tree leaf powder. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4(4), 351–363.
64. Ho, Y. S., & McKay, G. (1999). Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochemistry, 34(5), 451–465.
65. Lagergren, S. (1898). Zur Theorie der Sogenannten Adsorption Gelöster Stoffe. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 24(4), 1–39.
66. Kavitha, D., & Namasivayam, C. (2007). Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresource Technology, 98(1), 14–21.
67. Senthil Kumar, P., & Kirthika, K. (2009). Equilibrium and kinetic study of adsorption of nickel from aqueous solution onto bael tree leaf powder. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4(4), 351–363.
68. Aksu, Z. (2002). Determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the batch biosorption of Congo Red dye onto Rhizopus arrhizus. Process Biochemistry, 38(1), 89–99.
69. Kumari, P., & Das, S. (2016). Biosorption of Cr(VI) using tamarind shell biomass: Isotherm and kinetic modeling. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 6, 41–48.
70. Wang, J., & Chen, C. (2009). Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnology Advances, 27(2), 195–226.
71. Reddy, D. H. K., & Seshaiah, K. (2011). Biosorption of heavy metals by Moringa oleifera bark: Influence of pH, particle size and thermodynamics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 172(2–3), 556–563.
2. GruberN,GallowayJN.2008”.An Earth system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle” . Nature451:293 96
3. Filippelli GM. 2008. The global phosphorus cycle: past, present, and future. Elements 4:89–95
4. Jorgenson AK. 2009. Political-economic integration, industrial pollution and human health: a panel study of less-developed countries, 1980–2000. Int. Sociol. 24:115–43.
5. Shannon MA, Bohn PW, Elimelech M, Georgiadis JG, Marinas BJ, et al. (2008) Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nature 452: 301-310.
6. Postel, S. (1997). Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity. W.W. Norton & Company.
7. Vitousek, P. M., & Howarth, R. W. (1991). Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur? Biogeochemistry, 13(2), 87-115.
8. Withers, P. J. A., & Jarvie, H. P. (2008). Delivery and cycling of phosphorus in rivers: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 400(1), 379-395.
9. Bar-Yosef, B. (1985). The role of organic matter in wastewater treatment. Water Research, 19(8), 1019-1029.
10. Stenström, T. A., & Slezak, R. (2007). Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Wiley-Blackwell.
11. WHO (World Health Organization). (2006). Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards, and Health. World Health Organization.
12. Kross, B. C., & Gabel, R. (1997). Economic perspectives on water treatment. Water Research, 31(2), 372-380.
13. Pescod, M. B. (1992). Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture: A review. Agricultural Water Management, 22(1), 1-18.
14. Buffle, J., & Horvai, G. (2008). Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment. Wiley-Interscience.
15. Rittmann, B. E., & McCarty, P. L. (2001). Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications. McGraw-Hill.
16. Zhang, W., & Liu, J. (2008). Removal of nitrogen from wastewater by denitrification. Water Science and Technology, 57(1), 57-64.
17. Williams, J. C., & Purdy, W. C. (2001). Nitrogen cycle and ecosystem functioning. Environmental Pollution, 111(1), 91-96.
18. Ho, G. E., & Chen, W. P. (1995). Nitrogen removal from wastewater by biological denitrification. Environmental Technology, 16(3), 209-216.
19. Mohn, J., & Tiedje, J. M. (1992). Denitrification in the environment. Biology of Nitrogen Fixation, 7, 319-355.
20. Miller, S. J., & Shuler, M. L. (2006). Efficient nutrient removal in wastewater treatment. Environmental Engineering Science, 23(6), 863-872.
21. Pitt, P. A., & West, J. (2004). The emerging role of phosphorus in environmental management. Science of the Total Environment, 290(1), 157-173.
22. Schimel, D. S., & Bennett, J. E. (2004). Nitrogen mineralization: Effects of environmental change on the cycling of nitrogen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18(1), GB1025.
23. Zhang, Y., & Wang, S. (2014). Advancements in wastewater treatment technology. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(2), 1502-1517.
24. Kasiviswanathan, K., & Srinivasan, T. (2012). Microbial Methods for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery. Springer Science & Business Media.
25. Tchobanoglous, G., & Schroeder, E. D. (2003). Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment: Environmental Engineering Series. McGraw-Hill.
26. Pontius FW (1990) Water quality and treatment. (4thedn), New York: McGraw Hill, Inc
27. Escher B, Leusch F, Chapman H (2011) Bioanalytical tools in Water Quality Assessment. IWA Publishing.
28. Chong MN, Jin B, Chow CWK, Saint C (2010) Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: A review. Water Res 44: 2997-3027.
29. Shao, W., & Hsu, J. P. (2010). Biosorption of heavy metals by Tamarind shell powder: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177(1-3), 74-81.
30. Volesky, B., & May-Phillips, M. (2000). Biosorption of heavy metals. Biological Materials Science: Biosorption of Heavy Metals, 1-27.
31. Bai, R., & Abraham, T. E. (2001). Biosorption of basic dyes from aqueous solutions by Tamarind bark: A kinetic and equilibrium study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 87(2), 131-144.
32. Wang, J., & Chen, C. (2009). Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnology Advances, 27(2), 195-226.
33. Nayak, A., & Rao, A. S. (2010). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by tamarind fruit shell powder: A low-cost biosorbent. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(5), 1282-1287
34. Abdul, M. M., & Ali, S. E. (2014). Influence of biosorbent particle size on the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(1), 120-134.
35. Bai, R., & Abraham, T. E. (2001). Biosorption of basic dyes from aqueous solutions by Tamarind bark: A kinetic and equilibrium study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 87(2), 131-144.
36. Garg, U. K., & Gupta, R. (2004). Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by adsorption using biosorbent: Tamarind kernel powder. Bioresource Technology, 94(1), 33-39.
37. Mohan, D., & Pittman, C. U. (2007). Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents – A critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 142(1-2), 1-53.
38. Chakraborty, S., & Das, S. (2013). Influence of particle size on biosorption of dye from aqueous solution using Tamarind seed. Journal of Environmental Management, 129, 230-239.
39. Veglio, F., & Beolchini, F. (1997). Removal of metals by biosorption: A review. Hydrometallurgy, 44(3), 301–316.
40. Ahalya, N., Ramachandra, T. V., & Kanamadi, R. D. (2003). Biosorption of heavy metals. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 7(4), 71-78.
41. Volesky, B. (2001). Detoxification of metal-bearing effluents: Biosorption for the next century. Hydrometallurgy, 59(2-3), 203–216.
42. Reddy, D. H. K., & Seshaiah, K. (2011). Biosorption of heavy metals by Moringa oleifera bark: Influence of pH, particle size and biosorbent dose. Chemical Engineering Journal, 172(2-3), 556–563.
43. Kumari, P., & Das, S. (2016). Biosorption of Cr(VI) using tamarind shell biomass: Effect of pH and other parameters. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 6, 41–48.
44. Robinson, T., Chandran, B., & Nigam, P. (2002). Removal of dyes from a synthetic textile dye effluent by biosorption on apple pomace and wheat straw. Water Research, 36(11), 2824–2830.
45. Kannan, N., & Sundaram, M. M. (2001). Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons – A comparative study. Dyes and Pigments, 51(1), 25–40.
46. Crini, G. (2006). Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review. Bioresource Technology, 97(9), 1061–1085.
47. Aksu, Z. (2005). Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review. Process Biochemistry, 40(3-4), 997–1026.
48. Namasivayam, C., & Kavitha, D. (2002). Removal of Congo red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith. Chemosphere, 47(5), 719–730.
49. Aksu, Z. (2002). Determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the batch biosorption of Congo Red dye onto Rhizopus arrhizus. Process Biochemistry, 38(1), 89–99.
50. Kavitha, D., & Namasivayam, C. (2007). Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresource Technology, 98(1), 14–21.
51. Sivaraj, R., Namasivayam, C., & Kadirvelu, K. (2001). Orange peel as an adsorbent in the removal of acid violet 17 (acid dye) from aqueous solutions. Waste Management, 21(1), 105–110.
52. Mall, I. D., Srivastava, V. C., Agarwal, N. K., & Mishra, I. M. (2005). Adsorptive removal of Malachite Green dye from aqueous solution by bagasse fly ash and activated carbon: Equilibrium and kinetic modeling. Separation and Purification Technology, 40(1), 87–96.
53. El Qada, E. N., Allen, S. J., & Walker, G. M. (2008). Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto activated carbon produced from steam-activated bituminous coal: A study of equilibrium and thermodynamics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 135(3), 174–184.
54. Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 156(1), 2–10.
55. Kavitha, D., & Namasivayam, C. (2007). Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresource Technology, 98(1), 14–21.
56. Kumari, P., & Das, S. (2016). Biosorption of Cr(VI) using tamarind shell biomass: Isotherm and kinetic modeling. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 6, 41–48.
57. Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 156(1), 2–10.
58. Kumari, P., & Das, S. (2016). Biosorption of Cr(VI) using tamarind shell biomass: Isotherm and kinetic modeling. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 6, 41–48
59. Aksu, Z. (2001). Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of cadmium(II) biosorption by C. vulgaris in a batch system: Effect of temperature. Separation and Purification Technology, 21(3), 285–294.
60. Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 156(1), 2–10.
61. Kavitha, D., & Namasivayam, C. (2007). Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresource Technology, 98(1), 14–21.
62. Teker, M., & Imamoglu, M. (2011). Adsorption of copper and cadmium ions by using tamarind nutshell powder: Thermodynamic and isotherm studies. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 30(4), 685–695
63. Senthil Kumar, P., & Kirthika, K. (2009). Equilibrium and kinetic study of adsorption of nickel from aqueous solution onto bael tree leaf powder. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4(4), 351–363.
64. Ho, Y. S., & McKay, G. (1999). Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochemistry, 34(5), 451–465.
65. Lagergren, S. (1898). Zur Theorie der Sogenannten Adsorption Gelöster Stoffe. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 24(4), 1–39.
66. Kavitha, D., & Namasivayam, C. (2007). Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresource Technology, 98(1), 14–21.
67. Senthil Kumar, P., & Kirthika, K. (2009). Equilibrium and kinetic study of adsorption of nickel from aqueous solution onto bael tree leaf powder. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4(4), 351–363.
68. Aksu, Z. (2002). Determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the batch biosorption of Congo Red dye onto Rhizopus arrhizus. Process Biochemistry, 38(1), 89–99.
69. Kumari, P., & Das, S. (2016). Biosorption of Cr(VI) using tamarind shell biomass: Isotherm and kinetic modeling. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 6, 41–48.
70. Wang, J., & Chen, C. (2009). Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnology Advances, 27(2), 195–226.
71. Reddy, D. H. K., & Seshaiah, K. (2011). Biosorption of heavy metals by Moringa oleifera bark: Influence of pH, particle size and thermodynamics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 172(2–3), 556–563.
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CH, A. I. R., U, G., V, L. L., Boateng, R., & V, N. (2025). Studies on Biosorption of Bromo Cresol Green Dye With Tamarind Sheels Powder and Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Integral Sciences, 8(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.37022/jis.v8i1.100
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